Conference On Contemporary Marketing Issues -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Examine About The Conference On Contemporary Marketing Issues? Answer: Presentation A spending aircraft alludes to as the ease bearer or carrier. LCC carrier doesn't give a large portion of the obsolete administrations gave in the toll that outcomes in the lower charges and the less solaces. Jetstar Airways private constrained is an Australian minimal effort carrier, having central station in Melbourne. This carrier is the entire auxiliary of Qantas which is made to give the opposition to different aircrafts like Virgin blue (Jetstar, 2017). The organization conveys 8.5% of the considerable number of travelers who visit all through the Australia. The point of the Jetstar Company is to offer the low admissions to the individuals with the goal that they can travel to more places. Administration diagram An assistance outline is an operational arranging instrument that conveys the direction on how a help will be given. This is a method utilized for the administration structure and advancement by the organization (Polaine, Lvlie, and Reason, 2013). Jetstar Company likewise utilizes administrations plan procedure that shows the administrations gave by the organization. This is the administration outline plan for the spending aircraft. This administration outline graph shows that the organization has isolated the procedures into the 3 classifications, for example, client, Contact process and the help procedure. Servicescape technique Servicescape is a model that is created by the Booms and Bitner to stress the effect of the physical condition where a help procedure happens. Jetstar Company likewise follows the servicescape system. The corporate methodology will help in propelling the comprehension of the administration. The servicescape methodology for the aircraft comprises of both outside and inside. Discussing the office outside, the aircraft organization give certain physical offices to the client, for example, outside plan, stopping, scene, encompassing and condition. The inside physical offices comprise of the Equipment, format, air quality and music (Maeng, and Park, 2015). Jetstar gives the offices, for example, holding up region, registration booths, aircraft door region, security screening region and the cooking offices. These are a portion of the offices which carrier ought to give to the clients to upgrade the involvement in the aircraft. These administrations improve the client experience and meet th e client desires which at last outcome in the consumer loyalty (Kuhn, Spies, and Petzer, 2015). The carrier ensures that they give the offices in the aircraft with respect to the solace of the seats, length of the seats and the extra space to move around. However, for keeping up this administration the carrier proprietor needs to grow all the more with the goal that they can make the experience of the travelers paramount. Administration Quality The administration quality alludes to as the evaluation of how well the administrations are conveyed to meet the customers desires. The Jetstar carrier administrator utilizes the idea of the GAPS model which causes them in acquiring the improvement the administration they are giving to the clients. Holes model comprise of the Customer Gap (Expected assistance saw administration). The hole between the client desire and the executives recognition. Jetstar aircraft can fulfill their travelers by giving them the most loved in the cost of the tickets. However, over the travelers who are expecting the joy benefits as far as the physical proof may be feeling the loss of this make the client hole. The hole among the administration quality detail and the administration recognition. The administration of the Jetstar carrier knows the necessity of the client yet then likewise they can't satisfy prerequisite because of the absence of the assets. These assets confine the carrier organization to perform well in the market. The hole between the administration quality particular and the administration conveyance. In the carrier organization, the representatives may be inadequately that influence the nature of the administrations that the Jetstar is happy to give to their travelers. This how the aircraft won't have the option to meet the desires. The hole between the administration conveyance and the outside interchanges. Once in a while the client gets influenced by the announcement made by the Jetstar aircraft delegates. The outer correspondence influences the administration conveyance. The hole between the apparent administrations and the normal assistance. This hole happens when the client of the aircraft misperceives the administration quality gave by the organization to meet the desires for the clients. This doesnt imply that the organization can't satisfy the desires for the clients. The above client hole shows that the organization can without much of a stretch satisfy the client desires by giving them the quality in the administrations they are giving. The organization ought to give appropriate preparing to their workers and ought to impart the correct message. However, it is a tedious procedure to satisfy the hole and friends likewise find a way to achieve the target of the filling the hole. Grumbling dealing with procedure and administration recuperation The carrier should follow the compelling method of dealing with the client objections. This is the method of taking care of the grievance, first comes tune in, at an air terminal while getting any consistent the worker ought to tune in to the grumbling smoothly and with compassion. To explain the equivalent the worker of the aircraft should rehash worry of the client. In the wake of explaining the grumbling specialist organization should make the client mindful of the reason for the issue. Apologize to the clients when the issue caused as a result of the aircraft interior exercises which make the client frustrated (Bougoure, Russell-Bennett, Fazal-E-Hasan, and Mortimer, 2016). The representative should take the earlier approval before continuing to the following settlement. Make a move to actualize the arrangement once the client gives the endorsement. However, for directing the entire procedure the aircraft need to offer preparing to their workers. With the best possible treatment of the clients, an agreeable aircraft will have the option to fulfill the client. Administration recuperation assumes a fundamental job in accomplishing the consumer loyalty. The administration recuperation is a move which is made by the organization to hold the clients and for that, the organization actualizes the techniques for a viable solution for protect the trust of the clients towards the Jetstar aircraft (Jareankieatbovorn, and Cohen, 2016). Overseeing flexibly and request Dealing with the interest and flexibly of the item and administrations is the test for the administration director of the carrier. It is must for the organization to comprehend the interest of the client for the quality administrations and as per that, the carrier ought to offer the types of assistance to the client (Heizer, 2016). Distinctive client interest for the various administrations from the organization, it must for the administration administrator to comprehend the administration need as indicated by the interest of the client. The Jetstar aircraft director ought to deal with the interest and flexibly subsequent to understanding the seriousness of the necessities. Coordinated showcasing correspondence IMC is a procedure that guarantees that all types of message and correspondence are connected together. IMC is the ruling by the broad communications publicizing, through which Jetstar aircraft can without much of a stretch interface with the clients (Cornelissen, and Cornelissen, 2017). The clients are additionally ready to connect with the organization as they need to find out about the items and administrations carrier is giving. The last battle which was begun by the Jetstar carrier was Choice, Choice, Choice has been created as one more crusade called Low admissions are simply part of the story which is giving improved items and administrations. To improve the benefit of the advertising organization coordinated it with the past battle. However, it is an extravagant procedure for the ease transporter carrier. End The report discusses the assessment of a planned aircraft. The spending aircraft chose for this assessment is Jetstar. It shows that how Jetstar carrier can deal with the nature of the administrations it is giving to the clients. In spite of the fact that it is a test for the organization to manage the clients who are confronting the issues with the nature of the administrations yet organization handles the protests pleasantly. References Bougoure, U.S., Russell-Bennett, R., Fazal-E-Hasan, S. what's more, Mortimer, G., 2016, The effect of administration disappointment on brand believability. Diary of Retailing and Consumer Services, 31, pp.62-71. Cornelissen, J. what's more, Cornelissen, J.P., 2017, Corporate correspondence: A manual for hypothesis and practice. Sage. Heizer, J., 2016, Operations Management, 11/e. Pearson Education India. Jareankieatbovorn, N. what's more, Cohen, G., 2016, June. An examination of administration disappointment attributions on the connections between administration recuperation techniques and showcasing results. In 4 th International Conference on Contemporary Marketing Issues ICCMI June 22-24, 2016 Heraklion, Greece (p. 448). Jetstar, 2017, About us, saw on fourth October 2017, https://www.jetstar.com/au/en/about-us Jetstar, 2017, Flights, saw on fourth October 2017, https://www.jetstar.com/au/en/flights Kuhn, S.W., Spies, H. what's more, Petzer, D.J., 2015, Online servicescape measurements as indicators of site trust in the South African residential carrier industry. Southern African Business Review, 19(1), pp.44-71. Maeng, H.K. what's more, Park, J.W., 2015, An examination on the impact of the physical condition in a plane on client faithfulness. Diary of Airline and Airport Management, 5(2), pp.81-100. Polaine, A., Lvlie, L. what's more, Reason, B., 2013, Service structure. From Insight to Implementation, p.202. Zurich, L.B., 2017, Service Operations and Management.

Abortion, Parenting, Animal Rights, Capitalism Notes Free Essays

Fetus removal: (See Abortion Murder, The Case Against Abortion in Highlights) Women are honored with a phenomenal regenerative framework. They ought to be urged to respect and regard it. It ought to be utilized dependably. We will compose a custom paper test on Premature birth, Parenting, Animal Rights, Capitalism: Notes or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now We ought not urge ladies to mishandle it since it is their body and along these lines their right. Indeed, there are conditions where they need to settle on extreme choices and decisions in view of assault or interbreeding. Be that as it may, rather than empowering fetus removal directly from the beginning, they ought to be guided on different arrangements first and make premature birth the absolute last totally deplorable solution to their concern. Advise ladies they reserve a privilege to prematurely end, it’s their body, and it’s their decision. No. Many will mishandle that privilege and begin utilizing it as a technique for conception prevention. I’d like to think this isn't correct yet many will manhandle that privilege and begin utilizing it as a technique for conception prevention. I don’t ever need fetus removal to become stylish or simply one more method. It ought to consistently be viewed as the last conceivable alternative and just in instances of assault, interbreeding or when the mother’s life is at serious risk. American Atrocities (Domestic) : Also observe International American Atrocities Rockefeller has Coal diggers association coordinators killed. The Ludlow Massacre in 1914 by the National Guard. 11 Children, 2 Women. In 1847 Federal soldiers executed 30 laborers, 100 woulded in the skirmish of the Viaduct in Chicago. In 1894 Federal soldiers slaughtered 34 Pullman railroad patrons. 1897, 19 coal diggers slaughtered, 36 injured in PA. Basic entitlements: The Illogic of Animal Rights by J. Neil Schulman The purported â€Å"animal rights† development is depending upon a consistent false notion which depends on fundamentally unrelated premises. Creature rights† premise #1: Human creatures are the same as different creatures, with no perfect or raised nature which makes us particular; â€Å"Animal rights† premise #2: Human creatures are morally bound not to utilize different creatures for their own egotistical purposes. On the off chance that people are the same as diffe rent creatures, at that point like every other creature it is our tendency to slaughter some other creature which fills the needs of our endurance and prosperity, for that is the method of all nature. Hence, beside financial concerns, for example, ensuring we don’t murder so rapidly that we pulverize an animal types and deny our relatives of prey, human creatures can slaughter individuals from other creature species for their convenience to us. It is just on the off chance that we are not simply one more creature †if our temperament is particularly better than different creatures †that we become subject to morals at all †and afterward those morals must consider our tendency as experts of the lower creatures. We may look for an equalization of nature; yet â€Å"balance† is an idea that lone an animal categories as astute as mankind could even consider. We may decide to temper the reasons to which we put lower creatures with compassion and shrewdness; however by excellence of our boss nature, we choose †¦ and if those choices incorporate the utilization of creatures for human utilitarian or recreational purposes, at that point the cutoff points on the utilizations we put the lower brutes are ones we set by our individual human still, small voices. â€Å"Animal rights† don't exist in either case. Despite the fact that I for one accept we were made by God, dissimilar to backers of the Judeo-Christian custom I don't depend upon the subject of whether people have a â€Å"soul† to recognize people from creatures. Like common realists, I’m substance to determine the issue of the idea of individuals, and the idea of creatures, by logical methods †perception, try, and the discussion of standards. Every one of these measures is basically a proof of knowledge and hesitance: 1) Being seen as creating or having delivered mechanical ancient rarities one of a kind to that animal types; 2) Being seen as ready to impart starting with one age then onto the next by a recorded language one of a kind to that animal groups; 3) Being seen as putting together activity with respect to extract thinking; ) Being seen as participating in inductive and deductive thinking forms; 5) Being seen as taking part in non-utilitarian aesthetic movement one of a kind to that animal varieties. I’m sure there are other measures we could utilize, however these are evident ones that ring a bell right away. None of them guesses about the inconspicuous working of a neural system; every one of them depend on perc eptible impacts of insight and hesitance. Definitively, we are of an unexpected sort in comparison to different creatures we know. Neither cetaceans nor other higher warm blooded animals, including the higher gorillas, qualify as â€Å"human† under these standards. We don't watch these implications of knowledge and reluctance in some other species we know, such measures being neither essentially human-centric nor even terracentric. By the â€Å"survival of the fittest† which is the law of crude nature, no creature has rights: just the apparatuses to get by as well as can be expected. The chicken has no privilege not to be eaten by the fox. The wildebeest has no moral plan of action against the lion. On the off chance that we are only creatures, no other creature has any moral remaining to gripe against the human creature for eating them or wearing their skins. In any case, in the event that we are better than different creatures †in the event that our inclination is of an unexpected kind in comparison to different creatures †at that point for what reason would it be advisable for us to give rights to species who can not talk, or form orchestras, or actuate scientific conditions, or assemble satellites which send back TV pictures of different planets? Why shouldn’t we people just see lower creatures as things which may turn into our property? We might be thoughtful to creatures in the event that it is satisfying to us to do as such, however we ought not give creatures an equivalent height that nature has not given them. Regard for nature requires a regard for the idea of what things are †¦ nd we are better, more grounded, more astute, than the animals we chase, farm, ranch, fish, trap, butcher, skin, bone, and eat. They positively have no morals about us, for they are simply creatures. Nor are any â€Å"animal rightsà ¢â‚¬  activists themselves simply creatures. There is no association called Porpoises for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. It is People who set those expectations of others. The individuals who contend for basic entitlements contend that since creatures are living and feel torment, that in this way nature gives them a privilege not to be dealt with savagely. This is a contention that could just chip away at a being fit for sympathy †and that requires a raised awareness. The facts confirm that creatures can feel torment, and that stylishly necessitates that we not be barbarous in our treatment of them. In any case, what is remorselessness? Beating a pony that won’t pull a wagon? Making creatures battle each other for sport? That’s not, at this point the issue, right? The issue is farming minks to skin them for hide; emasculating and butchering steers to eat them; chasing and shooting deer, ducks, and elks; testing beautifiers on animals; doing clinical analyses on animals to propel clinical information. Do we have an ethical commitment not to utilize creatures for human utilitarian purposes, which is another method of asking whether creatures have the privilege not to be treated as articles to be misused for their value? The possibility of a correct implies what has rights may not be treated as an utilitarian item for the satisfaction of the reasons for other people. Basic entitlements would mean creatures would be insusceptible from being utilized to satisfy any human reason. PETA has it precisely right. On the off chance that creatures have rights, at that point we may not morally use them for our own narrow minded purposes, regardless of how fundamental we believe that utilization or how altruistically we declare we do it to them. This is, actually, the obvious end result of â€Å"animal rights. † If creatures have rights then we need not make any differentiation between a superfluously savage utilization of creatures (pick one: chicken battling, creature testing for excellence items) or eating creatures, supposing that creatures have rights then we are not ethically qualified for put them to utilitarian use, period. Let me make it understood: I am not scrutinizing the compassion or cold-bloodedness of a specific practice. My point is that the interests of the individuals who affirm that the lower creatures have rights isn't to ensure creatures against brutal treatment. That should be possible simply by an intrigue to our still, small voices. The individuals who affirm that creatures or even â€Å"habitats† have rights do as such to decimate singular human rights to control what I term the anthroposphere: the human natural surroundings. It is the individual human option to control our private circles of activity †our individual living spaces †which they restrict. Some â€Å"animal rights† activists, putting together their intuition with respect to polytheism, compare people with the remainder of nature by saying that we are all offer a celestial awareness. Yet, likening mankind as not any more perfect than lifeless things or different creatures isn’t raising nature yet bringing down humanity. Polytheists accept that everything is holy, including the lifeless. However, I don’t notice them picketing Mount St. Helen’s spring of gushing lava for heaving its magma, consuming trees and slaughtering untamed life. It’s just human activity to which basic entitlements activists object. So where do we discover morals here? On the off chance that we look to nature, we see just that the solid utilize the feeble for their own motivations †and we are clearly the ace of every single other creature by that norm. On the off chance that we look to the focal point of every human ethic, the Golden Rule, we are advised to regard others as we would wish to be dealt with. However, what others? Creatures can’t treat us as we wish to be dealt with on the grounds that they don’t have the mind to engage morals by any stretch of the imagination. Which leaves us feel, which exists just in singular people. Since lower creatures

Standing Out

Standing Out [by C/3C Christopher Benson, 10] Sometimes after I take off, I wonder how I am getting paid to do this job I should be paying them. This quote came from an F-15 pilot who stopped by to speak to the AFROTC cadets a few weeks ago. It is statements like these that make me very excited to commission as an Officer in the United States Air Force, to have the chance to fly faster than the speed of sound, pull more Gs than any roller coaster, and gain an experience that very few people will ever know. I want to be a fighter pilot that is why I joined AFROTC, for the chance (which happens to be very good coming out of MIT) to have an awesome and exciting life. When I first signed up for ROTC, I thought of it simply as an avenue to become a pilot and to pay for school. I wasnt expecting to gain much in the program other than a commission. Now I am a year and a half into it and I have learned more from the ROTC program than from any other source here at MIT. Everyone at MIT is learning technical subjects: thermodynamics, differential equations, programming ROTC has given me the opportunity to learn useful and immediately applicable skills. I have learned a considerable amount about management and about working with superiors and subordinates and along the way I also learned how to lead. This abstract concept of leadership seemed very generic to me as I filled out my college applications, making sure to include all of the leadership positions that I had held in high school. After only a year and a half at MIT, this concept of leadership has become much clearer to me, as it now stands to separate me from my peers. Having tangible leadership experience has been vital for many different applications and interviews that I have done since getting to MIT. From gaining other campus leadership positions, to competing competitively for scholarships, to getting internship offers, my ROTC experience has given me an edge. At MIT, sometimes you need something other than intelligence to make you stand out above the crowd. AFROTC did that for me. Post Tagged #ROTC Standing out First, an aside Today, Adam and I were on the subway heading to the Museum of Fine Arts (MIT students get in free! Cant beat culture for free). We were on an inbound Red Line train, and the conductor kept adamantly announcing that it was an Ashmont and Braintree train. Take a look at this map and realize how absurd that is. Schrodingers train, perhaps? And now, the real stuff A common concern voiced about applying to/attending a school like MIT is that in a milieu of such strong students, its going to be difficult for a given student to stand out among his or her peers, and she/he wont get into a good grad program. This is also usually bound up with the concern that not being at the top of the class will cause the student to shrivel up like a bacterium in Lysol. I remember having those same concerns when I got into MIT. (I didnt feel them when I applied, as you might recall, because I applied out of spite.) Its a little nervewracking to realize that youre no longer the class brain, and that you cant sleepwalk your way to perfect grades anymore. My first semester at MIT, I realized just how meager my high school preparation had been. I had never taken physics before, and I was suddenly taking 8.01 with a bunch of people who had merely gotten 4s on the AP test. In high school, Id been upset when I got grades below 90; my first semester at MIT, I learned to rejoice when I got class average. My first semester average would have been a 3.25 on MITs 5.0 scale, had it been on grades I got 3 Cs and a B. But the cool thing was that I was happy with that. I had worked my tail end off for those Cs in a way that Id never worked for my As in high school. A semester of MIT taught me what twelve years of public education never had its not about the grades, its about what you learn in class, and you have to learn for you, not for the grades. My new philosophy informed my attitude about every other class I took at MIT. I didnt drive myself crazy studying for finals; I did what I felt was necessary, then took a few hours to talk to friends and eat potato chips. If I had a choice between studying an extra two hours for a test and doing a critical experiment in lab, I chose the experiment every time. I didnt go to night classes, even though some of my biology recitations were held at night, because I knew I needed time at home at night to defragment my brain and hang out with my boyfriend. I learned that learning is a priority for me, but getting perfect grades isnt. Ironically, the more I applied my philosophy taking classes because they were just drop-dead cool, reading the scientific literature about subjects I liked voraciously, spending time in lab just for the sheer joy of it the better my grades became. I dont think this would have happened to me if I had gone to Ohio State. I think I would have still felt like I needed to be at the top of the class, and I would have been focused on my grades to the neglect of my education and personal growth. Moreover, I would have needed to be at the top of my class at OSU to get into the grad schools I got into this year. I didnt need to be at the top of my MIT class to get into those schools, as grad schools seem to be overjoyed to admit ridiculous numbers of MIT-educated scientists and engineers. (Point in fact, I wouldnt know if I were at the top of my MIT class. MIT doesnt rank, and nobody graduates with Latin honors or anything foofy like that. True story.) I think MIT was worth it for me both in terms of the way I was taught to be a first-rate scientist, but also in the way that I was taught to follow my own desires and motivations rather than living for immediate grade-based rewards. I didnt graduate first in my class at MIT. Thank God for that.

Standing Out

Standing Out [by C/3C Christopher Benson, 10] Sometimes after I take off, I wonder how I am getting paid to do this job I should be paying them. This quote came from an F-15 pilot who stopped by to speak to the AFROTC cadets a few weeks ago. It is statements like these that make me very excited to commission as an Officer in the United States Air Force, to have the chance to fly faster than the speed of sound, pull more Gs than any roller coaster, and gain an experience that very few people will ever know. I want to be a fighter pilot that is why I joined AFROTC, for the chance (which happens to be very good coming out of MIT) to have an awesome and exciting life. When I first signed up for ROTC, I thought of it simply as an avenue to become a pilot and to pay for school. I wasnt expecting to gain much in the program other than a commission. Now I am a year and a half into it and I have learned more from the ROTC program than from any other source here at MIT. Everyone at MIT is learning technical subjects: thermodynamics, differential equations, programming ROTC has given me the opportunity to learn useful and immediately applicable skills. I have learned a considerable amount about management and about working with superiors and subordinates and along the way I also learned how to lead. This abstract concept of leadership seemed very generic to me as I filled out my college applications, making sure to include all of the leadership positions that I had held in high school. After only a year and a half at MIT, this concept of leadership has become much clearer to me, as it now stands to separate me from my peers. Having tangible leadership experience has been vital for many different applications and interviews that I have done since getting to MIT. From gaining other campus leadership positions, to competing competitively for scholarships, to getting internship offers, my ROTC experience has given me an edge. At MIT, sometimes you need something other than intelligence to make you stand out above the crowd. AFROTC did that for me. Post Tagged #ROTC Standing out First, an aside Today, Adam and I were on the subway heading to the Museum of Fine Arts (MIT students get in free! Cant beat culture for free). We were on an inbound Red Line train, and the conductor kept adamantly announcing that it was an Ashmont and Braintree train. Take a look at this map and realize how absurd that is. Schrodingers train, perhaps? And now, the real stuff A common concern voiced about applying to/attending a school like MIT is that in a milieu of such strong students, its going to be difficult for a given student to stand out among his or her peers, and she/he wont get into a good grad program. This is also usually bound up with the concern that not being at the top of the class will cause the student to shrivel up like a bacterium in Lysol. I remember having those same concerns when I got into MIT. (I didnt feel them when I applied, as you might recall, because I applied out of spite.) Its a little nervewracking to realize that youre no longer the class brain, and that you cant sleepwalk your way to perfect grades anymore. My first semester at MIT, I realized just how meager my high school preparation had been. I had never taken physics before, and I was suddenly taking 8.01 with a bunch of people who had merely gotten 4s on the AP test. In high school, Id been upset when I got grades below 90; my first semester at MIT, I learned to rejoice when I got class average. My first semester average would have been a 3.25 on MITs 5.0 scale, had it been on grades I got 3 Cs and a B. But the cool thing was that I was happy with that. I had worked my tail end off for those Cs in a way that Id never worked for my As in high school. A semester of MIT taught me what twelve years of public education never had its not about the grades, its about what you learn in class, and you have to learn for you, not for the grades. My new philosophy informed my attitude about every other class I took at MIT. I didnt drive myself crazy studying for finals; I did what I felt was necessary, then took a few hours to talk to friends and eat potato chips. If I had a choice between studying an extra two hours for a test and doing a critical experiment in lab, I chose the experiment every time. I didnt go to night classes, even though some of my biology recitations were held at night, because I knew I needed time at home at night to defragment my brain and hang out with my boyfriend. I learned that learning is a priority for me, but getting perfect grades isnt. Ironically, the more I applied my philosophy taking classes because they were just drop-dead cool, reading the scientific literature about subjects I liked voraciously, spending time in lab just for the sheer joy of it the better my grades became. I dont think this would have happened to me if I had gone to Ohio State. I think I would have still felt like I needed to be at the top of the class, and I would have been focused on my grades to the neglect of my education and personal growth. Moreover, I would have needed to be at the top of my class at OSU to get into the grad schools I got into this year. I didnt need to be at the top of my MIT class to get into those schools, as grad schools seem to be overjoyed to admit ridiculous numbers of MIT-educated scientists and engineers. (Point in fact, I wouldnt know if I were at the top of my MIT class. MIT doesnt rank, and nobody graduates with Latin honors or anything foofy like that. True story.) I think MIT was worth it for me both in terms of the way I was taught to be a first-rate scientist, but also in the way that I was taught to follow my own desires and motivations rather than living for immediate grade-based rewards. I didnt graduate first in my class at MIT. Thank God for that.

New Zealand Births, Deaths Marriages Available Online

For individuals researching their New Zealand whakapapa (genealogy), the  New Zealand Ministry of Internal Affairs offers  online access to New Zealands historical birth, death and marriage records. To protect the privacy of living people, the following historic data is available: Births that occurred at least 100 years ago Stillbirths that occurred at least 50 years ago (officially recorded since 1912) Marriages that occurred at least 80 years ago Deaths that occurred at least 50 years ago, or the deceaseds date of birth was at least 80 years ago Information Available Via Free Search Searches are free and generally provide enough information to help you ascertain that you have the correct individual, although information collected prior to 1875 is fairly minimal. Search results typically provide: Births - registration number, given name(s), family name, mothers given name (not maiden name), fathers given name, and whether a the birth was a stillbirth. Expect to find a large number of births with no given name recorded for the child. Births were required to be registered within 42 days, yet children were often not named until they were baptized.   Deaths - registration number, given name(s), family name, date of birth (since 1972) or age at death Marriages - registration number, brides given name(s) and family name, and grooms given name(s) and family name. Parents for the bride and groom can often be found after late 1880/early 1881. You can sort search results by clicking on any of the headings.   What to Expect from a Purchased Printout or Certificate Once you find a search result of interest, you can either purchase a printout to be sent via email,  or an official paper certificate sent through postal mail. The printout is recommended for non-official research purposes (especially for registrations after 1875) because there is room for  more information on a printout than can be included on a certificate. The printout is typically a  scanned image of the original record, so will contain all the information that was provided at the time the event was registered. Older records which have been since updated or corrected may be sent as a typed printout instead. A printout will include additional information that is not available through search: Births 1847–1875:  when and where born; given name (if provided); sex; name and surname of father; name and maiden surname of mother; rank or profession of father; signature, description and residence of the informant; date registered; and signature of the deputy registrar   Births post 1875:  when and where born; given name (if provided); whether child was present at the time of registration; sex; name and surname of father; rank or profession of father; age and birthplace of father; name and maiden surname of mother; age and birthplace of mother; when and where parents were married;  signature, description and residence of the informant; date registered; and signature of the deputy registrar.  Information available for births recorded in the MÄ ori Registers (1913 – 1961)  may be slightly different. Deaths 1847–1875: when and were died; name and surname; sex; age; rank or profession; cause of death;  signature, description and residence of th e informant; date registered; and signature of the deputy registrar   Deaths post 1875:  when and were died; name and surname; sex; age; rank or profession; cause of death; duration of last illness; medical attendant who certified the cause of death and when they last saw the deceased; name and surname of father; name and maiden name (if known) of the mother; rank or occupation of the father; when and where buried; name and religion of minister or name of witness to the burial; where born; how long in New Zealand; where married; age at marriage; name of spouse; children (including number, age and sex of living children); signature, description and residence of the informant; date registered; and signature of the deputy registrar. Information available for deaths recorded in the MÄ ori Registers (1913 – 1961) and War Deaths from WWI and WWII may be slightly different. Marriages 1854–1880: when and where married; name, surname, age, rank or profession, and marital condition of the groom;  name, surname, age, rank or profession, and marital condition of the bride; name and signature of officiating minister (or Registrar); date of registration; signatures of bride and groom; and signatures of the witnesses. Marriages post 1880: when and where married; name, surname, age, rank or profession, and marital condition of the groom;  name, surname, age, rank or profession, and marital condition of the bride; if widow/widower, the name of former wife or husband; birthplace of bride and groom, residence (present and usual) of the bride and groom; fathers name and surname; fathers rank or profession; mothers name and maiden surname; name and signature of officiating minister (or Registrar); date of registration; signatures of bride and groom; and signatures of the witnesses.  Information available for marriages recorded in the MÄ ori Registers (1911 – 1952)  may be slightly different. How Far Back are New Zealand Births, Marriages and Deaths Available? Official registrations of births and deaths began in New Zealand in 1848, while marriage registration began in 1856. The website also has some earlier records, such as church and place registers, dating back as early as 1840. Dates for some of these early registrations may be misleading  (e.g marriages from 1840–1854 may appear with a registration year of 1840).   How Can I Access More Recent Birth, Death or Marriage Records? Non-historical (recent) records of New Zealand births, deaths and marriages can be ordered by individuals with a verified RealMe identity, a verification service available to New Zealand citizens and immigrants. They can also be ordered by members of  organizations approved by the New Zealand Registrar-General.   For a fascinating historical overview of the keeping of New Zealands registers of births, deaths and marriages, see the free PDF version of Little Histories, by  Megan Hutching of the New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage.

Interval Safety Valves - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 32 Words: 9460 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Abstract In this master thesis the effects of changing the test interval of the land based safety critical valves have been highlighted Definitions Production assurance: Also referred to as regularity, is a term used to describe how capable a system is to meet demand for deliveries or performance (Norsok Z-016, 1998). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Interval Safety Valves" essay for you Create order Availability: The ability of an item to be in a state to perform a required function under given conditions at a given instant of time or during a given time interval assuming that the required external resources are provided. Production Availability: The ratio of production to planned production, or any other reference level, over a specified period of time (Norsok Z-016, 1998) Failure: Termination of the ability of an item to perform a required function. Note 1: After failure the item has a fault. Note 2: Failure is an event, as distinguished from fault, which is a state. Failure mechanism: The physical, chemical or other processes which lead or have led to a failure. Failure mode: The effect by which a failure is observed on the failed item. Safety system: A system which realises one or more active safety functions https://www.npd.no/regelverk/r2002/frame_e.htm Safety functions: Physical measures which reduce the probability of a situation of hazard and accident occurring, or which limit the consequences of an accident. https://www.npd.no/regelverk/r2002/frame_e.htm Background Modern production systems are large, complex, automated, and integrated. Failures occur more or less frequently in these complex and large systems. For a production plant, the consequences of failure include high maintenance cost, possible loss of production, and exposure to accidents. It can also lead to annoyance, inconvenience and a lasting customer dissatisfaction that can play havoc with the responsible companys marketplace position (Croarkin and Tobias, 2007) So, it is important for the plant engineers and managers to make decisions that can reduce or eliminate the probability of failures or/and their consequences as well as uncertainties in production processes to get better production assurance. Production Assurance (PA) is introduced by the Norwegian oil and gas industry, which plays a significant role in supporting the decision-making process for managers and engineers dealing with the challenges of meeting various customer requirements as well as production control needs. Therefore, there has recently been a high degree of interest in use of the production assurance concept. (J. Barabady, 2007) Production assurance (also referred to as regularity) is a term used to describe how capable a system is to meet demand for deliveries or performance (Norsok Z-016, 1998). Production assurance may be quantified by various measures like production availability, throughput capacity, deliverability, or demand availability. The PA concept includes several other concepts, such as reliability, maintainability, availability, and maintenance support performance. Some of these concepts, and their relationships, are illustrated in Figure 1. In the following section, different concepts, of production assurance are briefly reviewed and discussed. Effective maintenance is necessary to ensure the reliability of plant/equipment. If equipment is unreliable, the profitability of a business can be greatly decreased. Therefore, the benefits of employing the efficient maintenance strategies cannot be underestimated. Effective equipment maintenance ultimately dictates plant reliability and has great impact on the success and profitability of a Business Unit. There is an increasing industry focus on safety, risk avoidance and environmental awareness, which emphasises the importance of avoiding failure through successful maintenance. As a consequence, maintenance practices often account for an overwhelming percentage of budget expenditure. The financial and safety benefits of employing efficient and effective maintenance strategies for equipment cannot be underestimated. The Norwegian safety regulations have two kinds of requirements related to maintenance: High level requirements stating that installations, systems and equipment should be maintained in a prudent manner. Detailed and prescriptive requirements for a system or a piece of equipment to be tested or inspected at certain intervals. (The Maintenance Baseline Study; Operation Maintenance Compendium) Introduction According to PSAN (Petroleum Safety Authorities Norway) Requirements for testing of safety critical valves emphasizes that there should be annual testing of all safety critical valves and intervals for verification have to be established based on; requirements to reliability, knowledge about failure conditions, knowledge about possible consequences from failure conditions, and knowledge about valve characteristics (T.E. Nkland, H.S. Wiencke, T.Aven ; Identification of safety critical valves a risk based approach) In testing of safety critical valves means that production must be shut down, the valve must be closed, pressure downstream the valve is bled off, and pressure build-up is measured. It has been observed that often these tests are carried out during turnarounds, not influencing production downtime, Even though test are labour intensive, costs related to such test are limited but sometimes the situation is different. Some platforms do not perform turnarounds each year and production may have to be shut down for hours because of these tests. In most cases these shut downs are also affecting other installations. This is of course an expensive operation that the operators want to limit to what is needed to maintain the required safety level; not only because of the loss of production and loss of income, but also because a shut down of the process and manual intervention into the hydrocarbon system has a negative effect on the safety level in it self (PSAN, 2004) ;T. Aven, H.S. Wiencke, T.E Nkland (2006) For instance, If we focus on the barrier functions of the valves, and If we prove the same safety level with alternative test procedures or risk reducing measures then we could be able to justify an increase of test intervals of safety critical valves; T. Aven, H.S. Wiencke, T.E Nkland (2006) Thesis objective/Problem Statement: This thesis is a part of RAMONA project which focuses on regularity and deliverability of the Norwegian gas transport system. In production plants, generally incidents and events occur from both safety-related and technical integrity-related concerns. Safety integrity related incidents are those endangering harm to people. Working without Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), personal injuries, and fire and explosions are some of the examples that come under safety integrity-related incidents. Technical integrity-related incidents on the other hand, refers to a wide area of technical incidents arising from day to day operations, and those resulting in the possible reduction or loss of daily production; see (J. Raza J.P. Liyanage) The main objective of this thesis is to discuss the effects of changing the test interval of land based safety critical valves in hydrocarbons transport systems. Changing test interval means increase or decrease of the interval period compare to current standard test interval (which is one year) followed by industry. Working method Analytical Learning Framework: Limitations Among other factors that had influence on this project in terms of delimiting it in some way, can be mentioned available time, available literature and language skills of author. 1.5 Regulations/ Standards: This chapter is about different Regulations/standards presented by the authority of the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD) and the Petroleum Safety Authority Norway (PSA) related to maintenance program and further related to safety critical systems. The legislation consists of a two parts; resource management or Resource hierarchic part and a health, environment and safety (HES) or HES hierarchic part; which further display different legislation levels. In the HES area, the Norwegian Pollution Control Authority, the Norwegian Social and Health Directorate and the PSA (former NPD) co-operate on joint, total regulations relating to health, environment and safety on the Norwegian continental shelf. Hence, the HES regulations are issued in pursuance of the Petroleum Act, the Pollution Act, the Product Control Act, the Health Personnel Act, The Patients Rights Act, The Communicable Diseases Control Act and Health related and Social Preparedness Act. The regulations are the framework regulations (Royal Decree), the management regulations, the information duty regulations, the facilities regulations and the activities regulations. Guidelines to the regulations have been prepared by: https://www.npd.no/regelverk/r2002/frame_e.htm Regulations are connected together as shown in figure; Some points related to above figure is explained below. Acts and Regulations come on the first and second level in hierarchy. Then are the guidelines to regulations for detail explanation and similarly these guidelines showed some specific requirement which is called standards. -Petroleum Activities Legislation (Acts and Regulations) For example, Petroleum Activities Act 9-1 says The petroleum activities shall be conducted in such manner as to enable a high level of safety to be maintained and further developed in accordance with the technological development -Guidelines to Regulations These are guidelines to different regulations relating to management, information duty, facilities and activities under the Joint Regulations. E.g. OLF (Norwegian Oil Industry Association)g recommended guidelines for the application of IEC 61508 and IEC 61511 in the petroleum activities on the Norwegian Continental Shelf, -Standards: The guidelines to the regulations often refer to recognized standards as a way to fulfill the functional requirements in the regulations. International Standards like ISO, API, IEC, OLF guidelines, EN and NORSOK standards are often used. -Industry internal governing documents like Testing of safety critical valves in gas/condensate pipeline system. In NORSOK standards Z 008, maintenance defined as The combination of all technical, administrative and managerial actions, including supervision actions, during life cycle of an item intended to retain it in, or restore it to, a state in which it can perform the required function (PrEN 13306) Maintenance includes activities such as monitoring, inspection, testing and repairing. This means, that is all what is required to keep or to get the item or system back into desired operating condition. According to 7 of The Activities Regulations; the safety functions at all times will be able to provide functions and should be designed so that they can be tested and maintained without impairing the performance of the function. Similarly under the 32 of the Activities Regulations, it says that Facilities shall have an emergency shutdown system which is able to prevent situations of hazard and accident from developing and to limit the consequences of accidents, on safety functions. The system shall be able to perform the intended functions independently of other systems. Moreover, the emergency shutdown system shall be designed so that it will go to or remain in a safe condition in the event of a failure which may prevent the functioning of the system. More specifically, Emergency shutdown valves shall be installed which are capable of stopping streams of hydrocarbons and chemicals to and from the facility, and which isolate the fire areas on the facility In 44 (maintenance programme) under the Activities Regulations states that the emergency shutdown system should be verified in accordance with the safety integrity levels stipulated on the basis of the IEC 61508 standard and OLFs Guidelines 070. In addition to that plants which are not included by this standard and these guidelines, the operability should be verified through a full-scale function test at least once each year. The test should cover all parts of the safety function, including closing of valves. The test should also include measurement of interior leakage through closed valves. Recording of the plants or equipments functionality in situations where the function is triggered or put to use may replace testing of the plant or the equipment, The OLF (Norwegian Oil Industry Association) recommended guidelines for the application of IEC 61508 and IEC 61511 in the petroleum activities on the Norwegian Continental Shelf, says that Periodical functional tests shall be conducted using a documented procedure to detect covert faults that prevent the SIS (Safety Instrumented Systems) from operating according to the Safety Requirement Specifications. The entire SIS shall be tested including the sensor(s), the logic solver, and the final element(s) (e.g., shutdown valves, motors). (OLF 070) In addition, It is recommended to record and analyse activation of SIS functions to include the activation as part of the functional testing. If proper operation and documentation thereof exist for a period, the manual proof test for that period may be omitted. Observe that the spurious activation of an ESV due to a PSD, does not test the entire function of the same valve during an ESD action. Moreover, In OLF guidelines it is mentioned that, some periodic interval (determined by the user), the frequency(s) of testing for the SIS or portions of the SIS shall be re-evaluated based on historical data, installation experience, hardware degradation, software reliability, etc. Change of interval is handled as a modification. Any change to the application logic requires full functional testing, and shall be treated as a modification. Exceptions to this are allowed if appropriate review and partial testing of changes are done to ensure that the SIL has not been compromised. 3. Basics of valves Valves are mechanical devices specifically designed to direct, start, stop, mix, or regulate the flow, pressure, or temperature of a process fluid. Valves can be handle either liquid or gas applications; Philip L. Skousen (2004) Valves are used in pipeline systems to control the flow rate, the pressure, or the flow direction of a fluid. They can turn on, turn off, regulate, modulate or isolate the fluid. 3.1 Valve Types 3.1.1 Gate valves: Gate valves are designed to operate fully open or fully closed; when fully opened, there is very little pressure drop across a gate valve, and when fully closed there is good sealing against pressure. With the proper mating of a disk to the seat ring, very little or no leakage occurs across the disk when the gate valve is closed. However, some leakage may occur under very low back pressures. Another positive feature of gate valves is that they usually open or close slowly, which prevents fluid hammer and subsequent damage to the piping system. The main limitation of gate valves is that they are not suitable for throttling applications. When gate valves are used in throttling applications, the flow tends to have high speeds near the gate seat, which leads to erosion. Also, in the partially open state, the valve is prone to vibrate, which can lead to damage. In general gate valves are more subject to seat and disk wear than globe valves, and repairs, such as lapping and grinding, are more difficult to accomplish. 3.1.2 Ball valves: This rotational-motion valve uses a ball-shaped disk with a hole bored through to stop or start fluid flow. When the valve handle is turned to the open position, the ball is rotated so that the hole lines up with the valve bodys inlet and outlet. When the ball is rotated so the hole is perpendicular to flow, the valve is closed. Advantage of ball valve is ease of operation, high flow capacity, and a high pressure and temperature tolerance. In addition, they have the ability to provide fire-safe protection, and they can handle severe service chemicals. Ball valves typically have lower cost and weight, and provide tight shutoff and low stem leakage. They can be adapted to for use in multiple port configurations. 3.1.3 Check valves: The purpose of a check valve is to allow fluid flow in one preferred direction and to prevent back flow or flow in the opposite direction. Ideally, a check valve will begin to close as the pressure drops in a pipeline and the fluid momentum slows. When the flow direction reverses, the check valve should close completely. Check valves can be of the following types: swing, lift and tilting disk. 3.2 Why Testing of Valves/equipment: In NORSOK standards Z 008, maintenance defined as a combination of all technical, administrative and managerial actions, including supervision actions, during life cycle of an item intended to retain it in, or restore it to, a state in which it can perform the required function (PrEN 13306) According to above definition, that is all what is required to keep or to get the item or system back into desired operating condition. In 7 of the Activities Regulations it is stated that Facilities shall be equipped with necessary safety functions which at all times are able to: a) Detect abnormal conditions, b) Prevent abnormal conditions from developing into situations of hazard and accident, c) Limit harm in the event of accidents. Similarly under the 32 of the Activities Regulations, it says that Facilities shall have an emergency shutdown system which is able to prevent situations of hazard and accident from developing and to limit the consequences of accidents, on safety functions. The system shall be able to perform the intended functions independently of other systems More specifically, Emergency shutdown valves shall be installed which are capable of stopping streams of hydrocarbons and chemicals to and from the facility, and which isolate the fire areas on the facility No more than a few decades ago, maintenance function was considered as an unwanted necessity, which is almost impossible to manage. This vision changed with time and maintenance became a separate service that had the centre attention on technical aspects, with the weight on specialization and efficient working methods. More recently, the progress was the realization that there were more efficient ways in terms of optimizing use of the means and more effective ways in terms of achieving the desired results and it was positive cooperation with other operating functions (Internal partnership). (Compendium opmaint. Page 2) In IAEA-TECDOC-1200 is stated that the purposes of monitoring, testing and other preventive maintenance actions are the detection of the degradation and prevention from the failure of the safety functions of systems and equipment and the assurance of prompt correction and restoration of these safety functions. PRA/PSA can be used in order to optimize the level of inspection and maintenance activities correspondingly to them and risk. To evaluate ageing effects of an equipment Check corrosion To prevent accidental events and damage To analyse dynamic degradation and failure mechanism. To estimate the probabilities of degradation. To access the consequences of different degradation cases and evaluate their severity according to the probabilities of the worst consequences due degradation. To perform the risk ranking for each component. To make appropriate recommendations, based on results in order to improve the operation and maintenance. To keep regularity flow constant , we need to test valves and other equipment periodically. To check the reliability and availability of the equipement. From (Working Document, governing doc.) 3.3 Safety Critical valves: The emergency shut down system (ESD system) is a safety system that constitutes an important barrier (the ESD barrier). Fundamental tasks for the ESD barrier are to stop streams of hydrocarbons and chemicals to and from the facility, and isolate the fire areas on the facility. To manage to do this the ESD barrier are depending by the functionality of ESD valves. (Sverre Viland, 2004; Identifying Safety Critical valves A Risk Based Approach) Based on current industry practice, to define whether or not a valve is safety-critical is determined on an evaluation of the safety importance, i.e. how important it is for safety point of view. Therefore an analysis/assessment is needed to demonstrate how the risk level could be affected to the following failure modes: Valve fails to close on demand Valve fails to close within the specified time That it leaks To identify safety critical valves; the required analysis/assessment is performed in to three steps: 1 To Identify and illustrate the functions of the valve Valve functions that are important to safety are identified, i.e. the functions whose failure could result in an unacceptable risk, e.g. failure to close, leakage through closed valve. A safety critical valve normally has more than one function, these are as follows: Does it have an ESD or PSD function? Is the valve part of an overpressure protection system? Is it designed to close/seal off the flow in both directions? Is the valve part of a double block and bleed setup? Other functions. 2 To explain the effects on safety of the above failure modes .3 To Classify critical/unacceptable leakage rate through the valve In the onshore plants, acceptable leakage rates generally set higher than for an offshore installation, the main reason for this is due to lower human risk exposure in onshore plants. The acceptance criteria is determined on the basis of whether the contribution to risk of a leakage through the valve is acceptable, required some measures or not acceptable. According to the performed analysis of some onshore terminals and gas transportation systems, recommended reference values for leakage rates are established in table: Leak rate [kg/s] Action 0.05 Acceptable 0.05 1.0 Perform specific evaluations, Plan for repair. 1.0 Not acceptable repair Table: Acceptance criteria for leakage through closed valves The wide range between the lower and upper limits, i.e. from 0.05 kg/s to 1.0 kg/s, is calculated and mainly based on practical considerations. Current industry experience shows that most valves (99 of 100) satisfy the lower limit requirement i.e. 0.05 kg/s. 3.3.1 Testing Methods: Testing of safety critical valves can be testing of function (close) or testing of leakage (including interior leakage or leakage through closed valve). The various testing methods are different with respect to the required performance in real shut-down situations. Testing of the function (close) with real shut-down case Testing of the function (close) with plant shut down This test is not considered complete since the forces acting on the valve body and valve internals are different from the real case. Thus the test does not disclose all relevant failure mechanisms. Partial stroke testing The main advantage with this test is that one can avoid shut-down of the plant, therefore it is only relevant while the plant it normal operation; but this test is not considered complete because the test does not demonstrate full closure of the valve. Thus the test does not disclose all relevant failure mechanisms. It is preferred that, a test should reflect the intended function in a real situation. According to industry practice; for an emergency shutdown (ESD) valve, this sort of testing should normally be complete closing of the valve with the system under pressure and in operation. However, in some cases there may occur unwanted effects of these ideal tests, like economic consequences related to lost production, but also sometimes negative effects on safety and environment. Based on the industry experience, the optimal system for testing therefore may well be one that applies different test methods, and combinations of tests, in a consistent program, individually tailored to the specific safety critical valve. Testing methods of leakage through valve Different testing methods are used to observe the leakage through the safety critical valve: Leakage test through closed valve with full pressure differential across the valve. Leakage test through closed valve with different pressure levels up- and downstream of the valve Leakage test through closed valve, by measurement of leak rates into the valve body/cavity. Leakage test with valve in open position When we talk about testing of leakage rate through a closed valve; acceptance criteria for leakage rates through the valve at normal full differential pressure across the valve should be defined. 4.1 What are the affects of changing the test interval of safety critical valves? Changing test interval means increase or decrease of the interval period compare to current standard test interval (which is one year) followed by industry. In usual practical applications testing and inspection is the most relevant and effective means of deterioration control. The observed failure frequency, together with a criticality evaluation, will be a basis for prioritizing the maintenance work and optimization of test intervals; Aven and vinnem (2007) In fact cost, the level of risk and the benefits from risk control are closely linked see fig. We can say increase in benefit from a decision may increase the risk if cost are kept constant or any reduction in risk may reduce the benefits as cost may increase. Test interval for test of function close Test interval of leakage in valve Test interval 1 year Test interval 1 year Positive effects Negative effects Positive effects Negative effects Save economic cost Reduction in maintenance cost Avoidance of production loss Less number of process shut downs May cause higher risk related to safety level Performance issues May cause higher frequency of occurrence of failure High reliability and functionality of equipment Improved safety level Higher maintainability and availability May increase leakage Maintenance cost increased More production shut downs may affects other installations Labour intensive Table 1: Different dilemmas of changing test interval of Safety Critical Valve 4.2.1 Discussion: There are some advantages and disadvantages related to each dilemma; see table 1. Firstly, we see that current industry practice about testing of safety critical valve which is once a year; is quiet satisfactory. In the Gassco document TEKD-PR-021/5/; is mentioned about safety critical valve that: The reference value for test interval is 1 year. The program may deviate from this, provided that adequate and documented grounds for this are stated There are many critical factors involve in each dilemma. Followings are the some critical factors and their impacts involved in changing the test interval of ESV. Table 2: Critical Factors Impacts Interval 1 year Interval =1 year Interval 1 year Failure Probability Very Low Low Relatively high Reliability Very high High No big effects Maintenance Cost High Relatively high lower Internal leakage - - Pigging - - Safety Ok Should observed Aging/Life Ok Ok Ok Corrosion No effects Minimum Effects Relatively High eff. Secondly, if we set test interval test interval greater than one year then what would be the effects: In this scenario most important factor which is probability of failure, increases gradually by the pass of time, According to Table 2; there would be relatively high probability of failure in this case; as compare to other dilemmas. We can observe the probability of failure from the table below: Valve # Date of Failure Cause of Failure Maintenance Action Date of Valve installation or last recondition Age at Failure x 1 n When we analyse reliability, in terms of availability of safety critical valve, we can see from table 2, there are not so big effects on the equipment. As we know land based critical safety valves are installed in corrosive environment, so this is also one of the important factor to analyse whether the effects of corrosion is minimum or relatively high in each dilemma. In this dilemma (test interval 1 year) , we can say effects related to corrosive would become relatively high. Another factor is the maintenance cost, if after analysis we see that the maintenance cost is almost same after increasing the test interval, then we can say there would be lower maintenance cost (as a whole) needed ; so it means this factor gives support to increase test interval. Besides other factors , safety is also very important factor, in current practice there are no concerns related to safety issues, but if we set test interval less one year; then there are chances to have more internal leakage because of more process shut downs; as compare to other dilemmas. Safety issues of having test interval greater than one year is underconsideration. The main advantage of having test interval greater than one year is the reduction in n maintenance cost and besides that regularity is also one of the most important benefit in this scenario. Because not in all platforms testing or inspection work is done during turnarounds. there are some platforms, where production may have to be shut down for hours because of these tests. In many cases these shut downs are also effecting negatively to other installations. Therefore, this is obviously an expensive operation. In this scenario due to shut downs, we loose regularity and similarly there is a loss of production and also loss of cost. In short by increasing test interval, one the one hand; we can avoid shutdowns/downtime and hence can improve regularity and on the other hand we can avoid negative effects on the safety level caused by shut down of the process and manual interference into the hydrocarbon transport system. According to API Specification 6D The purchaser should examine the valve design for compatibility with pigging operations when ordering valves for use in pipelines requiring pigging. Pig is now the most widely accepted term for any device which is inserted into a pipeline and which travels freely through it, driven by the product flow. During operation cleaning is an important factor. Products pipelines need cleaning to remove fine solids that may have settled from the product as it traversed the pipeline. Also, some foreign material such as water may have separated from the product and are collected in low points in the pipeline. Water can cause corrosion so it is important to remove it. Any pig that seals in the pipe can be used to remove the water from the pipelines. An often-used pig for cleaning a product pipelines is a pig with cleaning device attached, and usually these are brushes. Pigs should be selected for the specific application, such as the product and the type of cleaning needed, as well as taking into account the length and the other parameters of the pipeline. Natural gas pipelines sometimes need cleaning to remove dust particles that are often produced with the natural gas. This dust along with oil that may come from the compressor may create an internal coating that will reduce the efficiency of the gas flow. The type of cleaning pig will be determined by the internal coating of the pipe. Regular pigging to remove the water is therefore essential because once this type of corrosion has formed, the pig seals will be unable to get into these crevices to sweep the water out and the corrosion rates will increase very rapidly. Inhibitors are often used to prevent corrosion. But if pigs are not used to remove the surface debris such as dirt, sand, wax, corrosion products etc. then water will collect under it and it will prevent the inhibitors from properly treating the active corrosion area. For dewaxing, any type of pig will remove some of the wax, but unless the right type of cleaning pig is used, a lot of it will be left behind and simply smeared on the inside of the pipe wall. Cost of testing a safety critical valve: Normally 3 tonn gas releases during testing of safety critical valve: (e.g. T valve on Kalst) From above statistics we can calculate the cost of testing safety critical valves by: Total cost of testing = 3 * current price (of one tone gas) 5. 1 Failure modes A failure mode is a description of a fault. To identify the failure modes it is necessary to study the outputs of various functions. Some functions may have several outputs. Some outputs may be given a very strict definition, such that it is easy to determine whether the output requirements are fulfilled or not. In other cases the output may be specified as a target value with an acceptable deviation. (See Figure) (Rausand, M. and Hyland, A. (2004). System Reliability Theory: Models, Statistical Methods and Applications, 2nd ed., Wiley InterScience, Chapter 3: Qualitative system analysis) When considering a process shutdown valve, it should be designed a specified closing time, for example, 10 seconds. If the valve closes too slowly, it will not function as safety barrier. On the other hand, if the valve closes too fast, it can probably cause pressure shock destroying the valve or the valve flanges. Closing time between 6 and 14 seconds may, for example, be acceptable, and it can be stated that the valve is functioning as long as the closing time is within the interval. The criticality of the failure will obviously increase with the deviation from the target value. (Rausand, M. and Hyland, A. (2004). System Reliability Theory: Models, Statistical Methods and Applications, 2nd ed., Wiley InterScience, Chapter 3: Qualitative system analysis) It is important to understand that a failure mode is a expression of the failures as seen from the outside, that is, the termination of one or more functions. Internal leakage is thus a failure mode of shutdown valve, since the valve looses its required function to close flow. Wear of the valve seal, however, represents a cause of failure and is hence not a failure mode of the valve. A classification scheme for failure modes has been suggested by Blanche and Shrivastava (1994) Intermittent failures: Failures that result in lack of some function only for a very short period of time. Extended failures: Failures that result in lack of some function that will continue until some part of the functional block is replaced or repaired. Extended failures may be further divided into: Complete failures: Failures that cause complete lack of a required function Partial failures: Failures that lead to a lack of some function, but do not cause a complete lack of a required function. Both the complete and partial failures may be further classified: Sudden failures: Failures that could not be forecast by prior testing. Gradual failures: Failures that could be forecast by testing. A gradual failure will represent a gradual wearing out of the specified range of performance values. The extended failures are split into four categories; two of these are given specific names: Catastrophic failures: A failure that is both sudden and complete. Degraded failure: A failure that is both partial and gradual. The failure classification described above is illustrated in Figure which is adapted from Blanche and Shrivastava (1994) (Rausand, M. and Hyland, A. (2004). System Reliability Theory: Models, Statistical Methods and Applications, 2nd ed., Wiley InterScience, Chapter 3: Qualitative system analysis) 5.2 Failure causes and failure effects The function of a system usually consists of several sub functions. Failure modes at one level in the hierarchy will often be caused by failure modes on the next lower level. It is important to link failure modes on lower levels to the main top level responses, in order to provide traceability to the essential system responses as the functional structure is refined. This is illustrated in Figure for a hardware structure breakdown. (Rausand, M. and Hyland, A. (2004). System Reliability Theory: Models, Statistical Methods and Applications, 2nd ed., Wiley InterScience, Chapter 3: Qualitative system analysis) (Rausand, M. and Hyland, A. (2004). System Reliability Theory: Models, Statistical Methods and Applications, 2nd ed., Wiley InterScience, Chapter 3: Qualitative system analysis) According to IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) failure cause is the circumstances during design, manufacture or use that has led to a failure. The failure cause is necessary information in order to avoid failures or reoccurrence of failures. Failure causes may be classified in relation to the life cycle of a functional block as illustrated in Figure, where the different failure causes are defined as: Design failure: A failure due to inadequate design of a functional block. Weakness failure: A failure due to a weakness in the functional block itself when subjected to stress within the stated capabilities of the functional block. Manufacturing failure: A failure due to nonconformity during manufacture to the design of a functional block or to specified manufacturing processes. Ageing failure: A failure whose probability of occurrence increases with the passage of time, as a result of processes inherent in the functional block. Misuse failure: A failure due to the application of stresses during use that exceed the stated capabilities of the functional block Mishandling failure: A failure caused by incorrect handling or lack of care of the functional block. (Rausand, M. and Hyland, A. (2004). System Reliability Theory: Models, Statistical Methods and Applications, 2nd ed., Wiley InterScience, Chapter 3: Qualitative system analysis) (Rausand, M. and Hyland, A. (2004). System Reliability Theory: Models, Statistical Methods and Applications, 2nd ed., Wiley InterScience, Chapter 3: Qualitative system analysis) These various failure causes are not necessarily separate; there could be overlap between some of them. For example, there is an obvious overlap between weakness failures and design and manufacturing failures. Failure mechanisms are, according to IEC, the physical, chemical or other processes that has led to a failure. These processes can, for example, be wear, corrosion, hardening, pitting, oxidation etc. This level of failure cause description is, however, not sufficient to evaluate possible remedies. Wear can, for instance, be result of wrong material specification (design failure), usage outside specification limits (misuse failure), poor maintenance (mishandling failure), and so forth. These fundamental causes are referred to as root causes (see above Figure), the causes upon which remedial actions can be decided. A general picture of the relationship between cause and effect is that each failure mode can be caused by several different failure causes, leading to several different failure effects. To get a broader understanding of the relationship between these terms, the different levels of see above Figure should be brought into account. Above Figure shows that failure mode on the lowest level is one of the failure causes on the next higher level and the failure effect on the lowest level equals the failure mode on the next higher level. The failure mode leakage from sealing for the seal component is, for example, one of the possible failure causes for the failure mode internal leakage for the pump, and the failure effect on the next higher level internal leakage resulting from leakage from sealing is the same as the failure mode internal leakage of the pump. Case Study Case study is related to Assgard Transport and main foculs is on Krst gas processing plant north of stavanger. The Krst processing plant plays a key role in the transport and treatment of gas and condensate (light oil) from important areas on the Norwegian continental shelf. The Statpipe trunkline system carries gas from the North Sea to Krst. The Krst facility also receives gas from sgard and other fields in the Norwegian Sea through the sgard Transport trunkline. In opertion since 1 October 2000, the sgard section of the plant processes this gas to meet sales specifications. Dry gas is exported from Krst through the Europipe II trunkline to Dornum in Germany and through the Statpipe/Norpipe system to Emden, which is also on the north German coast. Roughly four million tonnes of stabilised condensate are shipped annually from Krst by sea. From above statistics we can calculate the cost of testing safety critical valves by: Total cost of testing = 3 * current price (of one tone gas) Conclusion Risk: basic expression Risk can be defined as a combination of the probability of occurrence of harm and the severity of that harm. Risk may be expressed qualitatively as well as quantitatively. The definition implies that risk aversion (i.e. an evaluation of risk which places more importance on certain accidental consequences than on others, where risk acceptance is concerned) should not be included in the quantitative expression of risk. It may be relevant to consider on a qualitative basis certain aspects of risk aversion in relation to assessment of risk and its tolerability. The implication of the definition is further that perceived risk (i.e. subjectively evaluated risk performed by individuals) should not be included in the expression of risk (Norsok Z-013) 1.1.2. Dimension of risk When accident consequences are considered, these may be related to personnel, to the environment, and to the assets and the production capacity. These are sometimes called dimension of risk (Vinnem, J.E and al, 2006). 1.2. Risk Analysis objectives and criteria 1.2.1. Objectives The main objectives of risk analysis are: To ensure adequate safety, value adding and cost effectiveness for existing and future petroleum industry developments. To prevent all events or chain of events that may cause loss of life, or damage to health, the environment or assets. 1.2.2. Criteria Criteria are used to express a risk level that is considered tolerable for the activity in question. Risk analysis criteria (RAC) are used in relation to risk analysis and express the level of risk which will be tolerable for the activity. 1.3. Risk Management 1.3.1. General Risk management has the following set of goals: Identify, assess and control risks that threaten the achievement of the defined project objectives, like schedule, cost targets and performance of project delivery. These risk management activities should support the day-to-day management of the project as well as contribute to efficient decision making at important decision points. Develop and implement a framework, processes and procedures that ensure the initiation and execution of risk management activities throughout the project. Adapt the framework, processes and procedures so that the interaction with other project processes flow in a seamless and logical manner. Risk Management: It is acknowledged that the ability to define what may happen in the future, assessment of risk and associated uncertainties, and to select best alternative lies at the heart of the risk management system, which helps in many range of decision-making, from allocating wealth to safeguarding public health, from exploring new reservoirs to decommissioning/disposal of a project, from paying insurance premiums to wearing a seat belt etc. For instance, exploring and producing oil involves risky investments. When petroleum executives make investment decisions on petroleum projects, they face several uncertainties including future oil prices, reserves, environment, petroleum prospectiveness, fiscal terms, current degree of exploration and operational peculiarities. How can the petroleum industry cope to these and other challenges, and making decision on the allocation of capital among competing projects in diverse geographical areas. 1.3.2. Risk management process The risk management process will remain constant over the different project phases throughout the life-cycle of a field development project. The different risk management techniques for assessing day-to-day risks, calculating the ability to meet defined project objectives and the ranking different decision alternatives will also remain the same. Risk management process is performed in a structured way and its often broken down into the following 5 general steps (figure 1). 1) Initiation Focusing; initiate risk management process including identify project objectives. The initiation should also assign personnel to the main risk management roles such as risk manager. 2) Uncertainty Identification; identify risks affecting the project objectives. Assign responsibility for assessing and mitigating each risk. 3) Risk Analysis; assess for each risk the probability of occurring and the corresponding objective consequences, given that the risk occurs. Based on the risk assessment, classify each risk in terms of criticality. 4) Action Planning; identify risk mitigating actions so that the most critical risks are mitigated. Assign responsibility and due dates for each action. 5) Monitoring Control; re-view and, if necessary, update risk assessments and corresponding action plans once new and relevant information becomes available. Decision Making and Risk Management Now a days, there is a great need and importance for the implementation of Risk Management in various industries and in society. We all agreed that Risk cannot be eliminated but must be reduced and managed. It seems to be high expectations, that risk management is the proper framework for obtaining the proper balance between benefits and burdens, i.e. exploring opportunities on the one hand and avoidance of accidents and catastrophes on the other. Decision making is obviously not about making decisions, but making good decisions. Risk management involves decision making in situations involving high risks and large uncertainties, and such decision-making is difficult as it is hard to predict what would be the consequences (outcomes) of the decisions. A number of tools are available to support decision making in such situations, such as cost-benefit analyses, cost-effectiveness analyses, Bayesian decision analysis, risk and uncertainty analyses and risk acceptance criteria. Indeed, to obtain a certain level of consistency in decision making and confidence in getting desirable outcomes needs more better guidance and a structure for decision making in situations involving high risk and certainties. Decision Supporting Tools There are several different views regarding decision making and all have their pros and cons. Here I would like to give brief overview of some of the approaches: Expected utility paradigm suppose if a person is coherent in his preferences among consequences and his opinions about uncertainty quantities, then expected utility approach is attractive as it provides recommendations based on a logical basis. On the other hand in expected utility approach preferences have to be specified for all consequences, which is a difficult task in practice, moreover, almost no role of management in this case. When we see cost benefit analysis, it requires us to indicate the value of a statistical life, not the value of a life. As we acknowledge that a life has in principle an infinite value. So, there should be no amount of money that a person would find sufficient to compensate the loss of life. While a statistical life has a finite value, considering that point; decisions need to be taken that balance benefits and risks for loss of life. It means we are willing to accept the value of loss, given that this benefit is present. In many cases, we perform a multi-attribute analysis without any explicit trade-offs and is rather easy to conduct and works in practice. After assessing the various attributes, costs, safety, environment, political aspects, etc., separately then it is a management task to make a decision by balancing the costs and benefits and thus we gain flexibility in situations involving many stakeholders. But again in some cases it lacks coherency in decision making. We can say, when we have number of factors (related to decision problem) relevant to cost, safety, environment, many decision alternatives, many stakeholders, complexity, and political issues then ideal is not always achievable. As a result we need to make decisions under uncertainty and in this scenario we need some guidelines and proper structure to make a good decision in situation involving risk and uncertainty. Such a frame work has introduced by Aven ( 2003) comprises problem definition (challenges, goals and alternatives),stakeholders, concerns that affect the consequence analyses and the value judgments related to these consequences and analyses (frame conditions and constraints), identification of which consequence analyses to execute and the execution of these, managerial review and judgment and the decision. For making a good decision, focus should be on situations characterized by a potential of rather large consequences and large associated uncertainties which relate to economic performance, possible accidents leading to loss of lives or environmental damage, etc. Risk and decision analyses plays very important role to support good decision making in these situations and according to the present risk analysis regime in Norway, risk acceptance criteria is being used together with the results from these analyses as input to risk evaluation. Well, here the approach which T. Aven, J.E. Vinnem, H.S. Wiencke (2005) suggested is without the use of Risk acceptance Criteria. The main point in this approach is that it is based on the idea that that risk considerations (aspects and attributes related to risk) should be included actively in the decision process and not only be viewed as a frame condition for other business activities. Before going into elements of decision frame work, it is very necessary and prerequisite for further process and good decision making that there should be clear perspective about Risk. Defined by Aven and Vinnem (2007) as combination of possible consequences and associated uncertainties (quantified by probabilities). One can not necessarily say that low uncertainty means low risk or high uncertainty means high risk. For example in a specific diving activity in offshore involves two possible outcomes say (0, 1) and similarly two fatalities (0,1), have two alternatives A B. It has uncertainty (probability) distribution (0.6, 0.4) and (0,1) respectively. Hence for alternative A there is higher uncertainty and lower risk to initiate activity while alternative B shows highest risk because of certain fact that if a person start this activity he/she will get accident. So as a result we can say that for understanding clear perspective about risk, it is necessary to see both dimensions. This clear perspective about risk helps in decision frame work elements which are: 1.2. Planning, Execution, and use risk analysis in life cycle phases of the offshore activities The offshore activities may be divided into different lifecycle phases. The use of risk analyses will naturally vary according to which phase of the activity is being considered. The main objective is to increase the likelihood of attaining these project objectives by providing a systematic approach for analyzing, controlling and documenting identified threats and opportunities both during the planning and execution of a project. Risk analysis will addresses all the different phases of an offshore field development project, being the Pre-study Phase, Feasibility Phase, Execution Phase and Operation Phase, as shown in Figure 2 with defined milestones. The structure of using risk analysis is applied in the following presentation of the lifecycle phases. 1.2.3. Operation phase 1.2.3.1. Normal operation Regular activities which are required in order to operate an installation are all considered as normal operation. This will usually include maintenance and inspection and the implied activity level. The risk level in the operations phase is usually a function of the design and the technical, operational and organizational premises that were established for the operation (Table 2). The design of the installation will normally limit the extent to which risk reduction in the operations phase may be achieved, even though a program for continuous risk reduction is required. It is required that the risk level in the operations phase is monitored in order to identify how the risk level develops. The risk analyses should therefore be capable of identifying the parameters or indicators which have a strong impact on the risk level and also the effect that changes will have on the risk level. This will enable an effective monitoring of changes of the risk level in relation to the RAC. 1.2.3.2 Special operation These are operations that are not covered by the base case risk analysis as they are usually carried out during limited periods in the operations phase. Such operations may be special lifting operations, drilling or other well activities, manned underwater operations, shut down periods for maintenance purposes, etc. The RAC are usually based on an average level through one year, and are therefore not suited for evaluation of risk associated with short duration operations during which the risk levels may be higher globally or locally. Risk acceptance for such conditions will have to reflect: The duration of the period with increased risk. The peak level of risk during this operation. Whether the risk increase is local or global for the installation. Whether the risk increase affects the different personnel groups in the same way or differently. (Table 2)Main risk analyses during operations phase Analysis Timing Main purpose Main focus Detailed risk analysis and analyses in connection with design change proposals, handling of deviations and project phases (TRA extension) After concept risk analysis Evaluate special risk aspects on the basis of performed risk analysis in order to give design input Evaluate how changes etc. affect risk Evaluate effects of deviations from statutory requirements HAZID Reflect design details/specifications Reflect detailed/special analysis performed Provide operational recommendations Update DAL (if required) Assessment of compliance with acceptance and design criteria Input to DSHA (when required/requested) Quantitative/ Qualitative studies (FMEA, HAZOP, etc) When appropriate or requested during engineering phases, in order to evaluate systems designs Identification of required improvements in system design Processing systems Utility systems Drilling fluid systems Essential safety systems Loss of barriers Human factors Integrated risk and EPA of fabrication and installation Prior to decision on concepts for fabrication and installation Provide input to concept and methods for fabrication and installation Identify operational limitation and environmental envelops to be observed during fabrication and installation Fabrication of equipment and structures, hooking up, towing of modules, installation, commissi-oning and start-up preparations All installations and vessels engaged in the installation and hook-up operations Nearby installations and vessels, if they are close enough to be affected by accidental effects Aspects of the fabrication and installation that may severely affect the entire installation and/or risk to personnel Determine the emergency preparedness level for the fabrication, installation and commissioning work 1.2.3.3 Inspection and maintenance Inspection and maintenance form an integrated part of normal operations, including preventive and corrective maintenance as well as routines for condition monitoring and inspection program. Separate risk analyses are usually not conducted for regular inspection and maintenance, neither will particular RAC apply. These activities are implicitly part of the overall risk analysis, usually based on compliance with established procedures and standards for such activities. Therefore, the execution of maintenance and inspection should normally not be subject to risk analysis. Such studies should however be used in the establishment of programs for inspection and maintenance, in order to achieve a cost effective program for these activities and to ensure priority to risk critical equipment. Identification of critical equipment may be performed in relation to RAC for the installation, but risk analyses are usually not suited for establishing the criteria for choosing inspection and/or maintenance program. Change of program for inspection or maintenance should be analyzed in relation to the assumptions made with respect to inspection and maintenance in the overall risk analysis, to ensure that such changes do not affect the risk level in an unacceptable way. 3.2. Pros and Cons of a functional, risk based set of regulations 3.2.1. Risk based regulation Risk-based regulation is the utilization of the modem PSA tool in order to better distribute the resources of both the regulator and the petroleum industry. More specifically, resources would be distributed according to risk significance. Those items or events that have high risk significance would receive the most attention, while those with little risk content would command fewer resources. Risk-based regulation has the potential of both improving petroleum activities safety and reducing oil and gas operating costs. This modem form of regulation could be applied to present operating oil and gas and to advance designs. In fact, it would help to quantify the safety improvements of advanced designs. The application of PSA technology to the regulatory process can reduce public risks in several ways: by finding design weaknesses, by improving oil and gas operations, and in developing severe accident management programmes. 3.2.2. Benefits and disadvantages of risk based regulation Although some countries, are strongly discussing a proposed transition process from deterministic to risk-based regulation, the pros and cons of risk-based regulation including challenges of such a transition process should be taken into account which are summarized in the following. Main benefits of a risk-based regulation are: To have a cost-effective approach to regulation, To assure that resources are focused on essential safety issues, To have a methodology that can be used to both enhance safety and manage operability, To be able to communicate results and decisions on a clearly defined basis, To attain an open, fair, and predictable regulatory framework. On the other hand, there are a lot of disadvantages and difficulties which are posed by such a goal-setting approach: To place very heavy reliance upon the exercise of regulatory personnel in judging whether standards have been complied with, whether risks have been properly identified and quantified, and whether enough preventive or mitigatory measures have been taken to satisfy the proper balancing of costs and risks, To ensure that the regulators forces are extremely well-informed scientifically and technologically in order to produce consistent application of standards, To be relatively time-consuming in ensuring a sound data-base for decisions about risk and methods of control in assessing safety, To impart a high degree of uncertainty into computations of whether risks have been reduced in a sufficient manner which might be a fertile ground for endless debate with the regulator. Challenges which are associated with developing and implementing risk-based approaches to regulation are: To obtain an acceptable methodology for risk assessments that is commensurate with the decisions to be made, To perform the needed, relevant risk assessments, To focus regulatory questions so that risk assessments can be useful, To have a regulatory structure that encourages risk-based methods, To perform the necessary regulatory research that assures a robust, stable approach to risk based regulation, To effectively communicate the process, risks, and decisions to the public.